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Disk Utility User Guide
You can use Disk Utility to create a disk image, which is a file that contains other files and folders.
Note: You can burn information to a CD or DVD using the Burn command in the Finder. See Burn CDs and DVDs.
When saving an image? Is that possible I can restore to smaller HDD when the image was taken from bigger one? Or to clone a larger disk to a smaller one? Can I save the image on the same USB drive of Clonezilla live? Any method to do a 'PXE' booting for my Mac? Does Clonezilla support Mac's fusion drive or Core storage?
Create a blank disk image for storage
- IPXE is an open-source implementation of the Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) client firmware and bootloader, created in 2010 as a fork of gPXE. It can be used to enable computers without built-in PXE support to boot from the network, or to extend an existing PXE client implementation so it supports additional protocols.
- I need to be able to boot into CloneZilla over the network (as I want to image the Mac Mini's hard drive, and later on clone it to other Mac Minis). I've already tried booting the Mac Mini using gPXE and iPXE, and in both cases the giPXE complains that it can't find any network hardware.
- Hello, Currently in trying to boot PXE on the Imac and Macbook PRO. Thanks to the method contained in IPXE image Clonezilla it works for Macbook PRO, but we have a problem with the Imac blocking the message 'initialising devices 'that would be linked to the driver (BMC 57765-B0).
You can create an empty disk image, add data to it, then use it to create disks, CDs, or DVDs.
- In the Disk Utility app on your Mac, choose File > New Image > Blank Image.
- Enter a filename for the disk image, add tags if necessary, then choose where to save it.This is the name that appears in the Finder, where you save the disk image file before opening it.
- In the Name field, enter the name for the disk image.This is the name that appears on your desktop and in the Finder sidebar, after you open the disk image.
- In the Size field, enter a size for the disk image.
- Click the Format pop-up menu, then choose the format for the disk:
- If the disk image will be used with a Mac that has a solid state drive (SSD) and uses macOS 10.13 or later, choose APFS or APFS (Case-sensitive).
- If the disk image will be used with a Mac with macOS 10.12 or earlier, choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled) or Mac OS Extended (Case-sensitive, Journaled).
- If the disk image will be used with a Mac or Windows computer and is 32 GB or less, choose MS-DOS (FAT); if it’s over 32 GB, choose ExFAT.
- To encrypt the disk image, click the Encryption pop-up menu, then choose an encryption option.
- Click the Partitions pop-up menu, then choose a partition layout.
- Click the Image Format pop-up menu, then choose an option:
- Sparse bundle disk image: Same as a sparse disk image (below), but the directory data for the image is stored differently. Uses the .sparsebundle file extension.
- Sparse disk image: Creates an expandable file that shrinks and grows as needed. No additional space is used. Uses the .sparseimage file extension.
- Read/write disk image: Allows you to add files to the disk image after it’s created. Uses the .dmg file extension.
- DVD/CD master: Changes the size of the image to 177 MB (CD 8 cm). Uses the .cdr file extension.
- Click Save, then click Done.Disk Utility creates the disk image file where you saved it in the Finder and mounts its disk icon on your desktop and in the Finder sidebar.
- In the Finder, copy your files to the mounted disk image, then eject it.
- Restore the disk image to a disk.For more information about disk image types, see the manual (man) page for hdiutil.
Create a disk image from a disk or connected device
You can create a disk image that includes the data and free space on a physical disk or connected device, such as a USB device. For example, if a USB device or volume is 80 GB with 10 GB of data, the disk image will be 80 GB in size and include data and free space. You can then restore that disk image to another volume.
- In the Disk Utility app on your Mac, select a disk, volume, or connected device in the sidebar.
- Choose File > New Image, then choose “Image from [device name].”
- Enter a filename for the disk image, add tags if necessary, then choose where to save it.This is the name that appears in the Finder, where you save the disk image file before opening it.
- Click the Format pop-up menu, then choose an option:
- Read-only: The disk image can’t be written to, and is quicker to create and open.
- Compressed: Compresses data, so the disk image is smaller than the original data. The disk image is read-only.
- Read/write: Allows you to add files to the disk image after it’s created.
- DVD/CD master: Can be used with third-party apps. It includes a copy of all sectors of the disk image, whether they’re used or not. When you use a master disk image to create other DVDs or CDs, all data is copied exactly.
- To encrypt the disk image, click the Encryption pop-up menu, then choose an encryption option.
- Click Save, then click Done.Disk Utility creates the disk image file where you saved it in the Finder and mounts its disk icon on your desktop and in the Finder sidebar.
Important: Don’t create a disk image of a disk that you believe to be failing or that contains corrupted information. The disk image may not serve as a reliable backup.
For technical information about creating a restore disk image, see the Apple Software Restore (ASR) manual (man) page.
Create a disk image from a folder or connected device
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You can create a disk image that contains the contents of a folder or connected device, such as a USB device. This method doesn’t copy a device’s free space to the disk image. For example, if a USB device or volume is 80 GB with 10 GB of data, the disk image will be 10 GB in size and include only data, not free space. You can then restore that disk image to another volume.
- In the Disk Utility app on your Mac, choose File > New Image, then choose Image from Folder.
- Select the folder or connected device in the dialog that appears, then click Open.
- Enter a filename for the disk image, add tags if necessary, then choose where to save it.This is the name that appears in the Finder, where you save the disk image file before opening it.
- To encrypt the disk image, click the Encryption pop-up menu, then choose an encryption option.
- Click the Image Format pop-up menu, then choose an option:
- Read-only: The disk image can’t be written to, and is quicker to create and open.
- Compressed: Compresses data, so the disk image is smaller than the original data. The disk image is read-only.
- Read/write: Allows you to add files to the disk image after it’s created.
- DVD/CD master: Can be used with third-party apps. It includes a copy of all sectors of the disk image, whether they’re used or not. When you use a master disk image to create other DVDs or CDs, all data is copied exactly.
- Hybrid image (HFS+/ISO/UDF): This disk image is a combination of disk image formats and can be used with different file system standards, such as HFS, ISO, and UDF.
- Click Save, then click Done.Disk Utility creates the disk image file where you saved it in the Finder and mounts its disk icon on your desktop and in the Finder sidebar.
For technical information about creating a restore disk image, see the Apple Software Restore (ASR) manual (man) page.
Create a secure disk image
If you have confidential documents that you don’t want others to see without your permission, you can put them in an encrypted disk image.
Note: If you want to protect the contents of the system disk, turn on FileVault using the FileVault pane of Security & Privacy Preferences.
- In the Disk Utility app on your Mac, choose File > New Image > Blank Image.
- Enter a filename for the disk image, add tags if necessary, then choose where to save it.This is the name that appears in the Finder, where you save the disk image file before opening it.
- In the Name field, enter the name for the disk image.This is the name that appears on your desktop and in the Finder sidebar, after you open the disk image.
- In the Size field, enter a size for the disk image.
- Click the Format pop-up menu, then choose a format:
- If you’re using the encrypted disk image with a Mac computer using macOS 10.13 or later, choose APFS or APFS (Case-sensitive).
- If you’re using the encrypted disk image with a Mac computer using macOS 10.12 or earlier, choose Mac OS Extended (Journaled) or Mac OS Extended (Case-sensitive, Journaled).
- Click the Encryption pop-up menu, then choose an encryption option.
- Enter and re-enter a password to unlock the disk image, then click Choose.WARNING: If you forget this password, you won’t be able to open the disk image and view any of the files.
- Use the default settings for the rest of the options:
- Click the Partitions pop-up menu, then choose Single partition - GUID Partition Map.
- Click the Image Format pop-up menu, then choose “read/write” disk image.
- Click Save, then click Done.Disk Utility creates the disk image file where you saved it in the Finder and mounts its disk icon on your desktop and in the Finder sidebar.
- In the Finder , copy the documents you want to protect to the disk image.
- If you want to erase the original documents so they can’t be recovered, drag them to the Trash, then choose Finder > Empty Trash.
When you’re finished using the documents on the secure disk image, be sure to eject the disk image. As long as it’s available on your desktop, anyone with access to your computer can use the documents on it.
To access the data in a disk image, double-click it. It appears on your desktop, and you can add, remove, and edit files on it just as you would with a disk.
See alsoAdd a checksum to a disk image using Disk Utility on MacVerify that a disk image’s data isn’t corrupted using Disk Utility on MacRestore a disk image to a disk using Disk Utility on MacConvert a disk image to another format using Disk Utility on Mac
The process of booting a computer system over the network is well understood,and it’s been around for donkey’s ages. Basically, the way it works is thata computer system requests an IP address from a BOOTP/DHCP server, obtains thename of a bootstrap program (e.g. PXELINUX) it should load from a TFTP server, and subsequentlyuses that to boot the machine. This is used extensively when installing operating systems onto a number of machines. I’ve been wanting to avoidusing TFTP because:
- The first T in TFTP stands for trivial; TFTP is unreliable anderror-prone and won’t work over wide area networks. Ideally, PXEsystems would implement alternative protocols but most don’t.
- TFTP is an all-or-nothing proposition: there’s no access control to thecontent of the server’s directory. (There is at least one server that includes libwrap capabilities.)
- Configuration files for PXELINUX (i.e. the things that live in its
pxelinux.cfg
directory) cannot be created on demand. I can pre-create a file and save it in therequired directory for TFTP to send out, but files must exist by the timePXELINUX asks for them.
Earlier this year I mentioned I was setting up lots of bare metal, and Imentioned iPXE (formerly gPXE, formerly Etherboot).iPXE is a network boot loader which provides a full PXE implementationwith some exciting features: it can boot via HTTP (and from an iSCSI SAN), andI can control the boot process with a script. Ideally, the network cards (NIC)we use would have iPXE burnt in (which can be done) but in this project wehaven’t yet evaluated what that would mean in terms of hardware.
In the following discussion I assume you’ve downloaded a copy of the iPXE sourcecode and that you’ve have unpacked that and run a
make
in the src
directory.This first make
takes a bit of time; it creates all of iPXE’s target formats. Later onI’ll show you how to embed a script, and the make
for that takes a second or two.Ipxe Image For Mac Free
Three scenarios
iPXE can be used in a variety of ways, but I’ll concentrate on threescenarios in the following diagram:
The three machines boot as follows:
machine1
sends out a PXE request which is answered by a near-by DHCP server.It then loads iPXE asundionly.kpxe
from the TFTP server, and the rest happens over HTTP.undionly.kpxe
is created withmakebin/undionly.kpxe
, and I drop that file into my TFTP root directory and then have myDHCP server give this file as boot file to my clients, ensuring I break theinfinite loop that would result. (Mydhcpd.conf
is below.)machine2
boots with a customized iPXE script, either from a modifiednetwork ROM or via, say, a CD-ROM. It obtains its network address via DHCPand can then directly “speak” to a HTTP server.To create a customized boot loader with an embedded script (e.g.jpmens.ipxe
), I invokemake bin/undionly.kpxe EMBED=jpmens.ipxe
andstore the resulting file on a bootable floppy or burn it onto a CD-ROM,etc. The embedded script uses a iPXE commands to obtain DHCP parameterswhen it starts, or I can hard-code IP address, net mask, etc., and I can useiPXE settings in the script, as we’ll see formachine3
.- In the case of
machine3
, I’ve created a custom iPXE image with whichthe machine boots. The script contains hard-coded network addresses, and itshould be straight-forward to mass-create custom images with a bit ofsh
andmake
.This is interesting if there is no DHCP server (or relay) close to (network-wise) the node.
DHCP, TFTP, and HTTP
machine1
uses DHCP and a TFTP server to load iPXE’s undionly.kpxe
, afterwhich the latter takes over. The DHCP server configuration I’m using is:When the machine (node) boots it fires off its first PXE request, our DHCP serverreceives the request and gives it an IP address, netmask, etc. as well as aboot filename
undionly.kpxe
. The node then retrieves undionly.kpxe
via TFTPand loads and executes it. iPXE (undionly.kpxe
) then again issues a DHCPrequest. Without the if exists user-class
magic we’d enter an endless loop whereiPXE would load itself, then load itself, ad nauseam. The if
ensures that when iPXEissues a DHCP request, it is given the filename called netboot.php
which resideson a HTTP server. From this point onwards, everything happens over HTTP!The file name iPXE chains into is an HTTP URL which, in my case, creates anon-the-fly configuration script for iPXE. (The strange-looking
concat
business in dhcpd.conf
is to ensure the hardware address is correctly formatted.)To make things easier, I’llomit showing the code the iPXE script is generated from (basically a databaseaccess and some Mustache); instead, here is its output:The
echo
prints information to the screen, using some of iPXE’ssettings. Apart from that, a kernel is loaded together withan initrd image, and we attempt to boot that. If that fails, wefall back into iPXE’s shell.Statically dynamic
The configuration for
machine2
and machine3
differ only slightly in thatthe former lets iPXE obtain network parameters via DHCP, and the latter has themembedded in the script. I can test with a VirtualBox client which bootsfrom an ISO image created with one of the iPXEmake
targets. What Idid was to create a script called jpstatic.ipxe
and I then built the ISOimage I attached to VirtualBox withThe file
jpstatic.ipxe
is an iPXE script which defines network addressesfor the machine and subsequently chains to the boot file.When I launch the virtual machine, it boots from the ISO image containing iPXE.iPXE initializes its network stack and proceeds to run the embedded script. Notehow the
chain
command loads a script or image from the specified HTTP serverand then boots into that.The
node.ipxe
script I’m chaining into doesn’t do much except print out someiPXE’s variable values obtained via DHCP or hardcoded into the script,and it then launches the iPXE shell:From the iPXE shell, I can chain into whatever I want to, say, the demo image. I enter the chain command with the URL, the kernel and initrd are loaded from the iPXE HTTP server and it is booted:
PXELINUX over HTTP
To be as flexible as possible with regard to booting different types of images,allowing boot menus, etc. I’m adding a level of indirection. PXELINUX versions >= 3.70 can boot over HTTP. (I tried withthe latest version (4.04) but that failed, so I fell back to using version 3.86.)I installed nasm and built the code from a SYSLINUX distribution:
Take note that I’m copying
pxelinux.0
to the HTTP document root, and not theTFTP root. I then changed my netboot.php
to return the following iPXEscript:The two DHCP options define the HTTP URL to the root of the HTTP server (209)and to the configuration file for PXELINUX (210) respectively. Without option209, when PXELINUX is loaded it will attempt to retrieve its configuration (viaHTTP) from the following URLS:
Instead of using static files I create PXELINUX configuration on the fly. For example, if
pxelinux.php
outputsPxe Boot Server Mac
the node would boot Centos, whereas if it, instead, output
then the machine boots from the first hard disk. It is important to realizethat all paths I’ve used (e.g.
bootmsg.txt
, centos/vmlinuz
, chain.c32
(also from SYSLINUX)) are relative to the HTTP root we specified as option 210above. (Keep an eye on your HTTP access log when experimenting with this.)dnsmasq as a DHCP server
If you use dnsmasq as your DHCP server, you can also do this. Here’sa snippet from my
dnsmasq.conf
:Ipxe Image For Mac Download
Summary
To summarize, I need a DHCP server and a TFTP server close by the machines(nodes) I’ll be booting this way, unless I go the extra mile and create custom
undionly.kpxe
images that can be booted from local media. When nodes boot they go through the following chain of events:- Machine boots.
- If configured to use local boot media, loads iPXE from that.
- Otherwise:
- Hardware does a PXE boot and sends out a DHCP request.
- DHCP server returns reply and boot filename
undionly.kpxe
. - Node requests file from TFTP server.
undionly.kpxe
(iPXE) loads and optionally issues another DHCP request, and then- chains (boots) into the script returned by
netboot.php
. - Node loads
pxelinux.0
via HTTP. pxelinux.0
loads configuration file specified in option 209. (pxelinux.php
)pxelinux.0
loads further kernel via HTTP depending on configuration.
Ipxe Image For Mac Os
This sounds quite convoluted, and it is rather, but we gain a lot offunctionality:
- Nodes can boot over the WAN links (e.g. the Internet).
- If necessary, we can use caching HTTP proxies to reduce the volume of data transferred from the deployment server to groups of nodes.
- We can apply granular access-controls to the HTTP server, something very difficult (or impossible?) to do with TFTP.
- We are highly flexible in how we create configuration for clients; we can usedatabase queries to provision boot scripts to individual nodes or groups ofnodes.
- Client nodes can be set to always PXE boot, and we can remote-control what theydo when they’re power-cycled: install, boot from disk, show menu, etc.